The movement relies on two distinct architectural approaches to eliminate the human driver. The first is hardware-heavy sensor fusion, which combines solid-state LiDAR, high-definition cameras, and 4D imaging radar to map surroundings with absolute precision. The second is vision-only deep learning, which uses neural networks trained on billions of real-world driving miles to process visual data through cameras alone.

​Connecting these vehicles is V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) technology, a network framework that allows cars to communicate with traffic infrastructure and each other in real-time.

​In short: Sensor and vision technology build the vehicle's situational awareness, while V2X networking turns isolated cars into a coordinated, collision-free transit system.